Redox Polymer Energy Storage System

ABSTRACT

An energy storage system includes, in an exemplary embodiment, a first current collector having a first surface and a second surface, a first electrode including a plurality of carbon nanotubes on the second surface of the first current collector. The plurality of carbon nanotubes include a polydisulfide applied onto a surface of the plurality of nanotubes. The energy storage system also includes an ionically conductive separator having a first surface and a second surface, with first surface of the ionically conductive separator positioned on the first electrode, a second current collector having a first surface and a second surface, and a second electrode including a plurality of carbon nanotubes positioned between the first surface of the second current collector and the second surface of the ionically conductive separator.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The field or the invention relates generally to a redox polymer energy storage system, and more particularly to the use of electroactive polymers applied to carbon structures.

Capacitors having a double layer capacitance may be used as energy storage devices that store and release energy. Known double layer capacitors store an amount of energy that is inversely proportional to the thickness of the double layer. At low voltages, these double layer capacitors typically have a higher energy density than conventional dielectric capacitors.

Lithium ion batteries are also used as energy storage devices. Such batteries typically have very high energy density. Drawbacks of lithium ion batteries are that these batteries need to be hermetically sealed and requires a water free electrolyte composition. In addition, when the lithium ion batteries are spent, the lithium in the battery needs to be sequestered rather than be placed in a waste dump.

It would be desirable to provide an energy storage system that is a solid state device, has high energy density, is not susceptible to leaking, and is stable at high G-forces and temperature extremes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, an energy storage system is provided. The energy storage system includes a first current collector having a first surface and a second surface, a first electrode including a plurality of carbon nanotubes on the second surface of the first current collector. The plurality of carbon nanotubes include a polydisulfide applied onto a surface of the plurality of nanotubes. The energy storage system also includes an ionically conductive separator having a first surface and a second surface, with first surface of the ionically conductive separator positioned on the first electrode, a second current collector having a first surface and a second surface, and a second electrode including a plurality of carbon nanotubes positioned between the first surface of the second current collector and the second surface of the ionically conductive separator.

In another aspect, an energy storage system is provided. The energy storage system includes a first current collector and a second current collector having a plurality of carbon nanotubes bonded to a surface of the first current collector and the second current collector, a polydisulfide deposited onto the carbon nanotubes of at least one current collector, and an ionically conductive separator sandwiched between the carbon nanotubes of the first current collector and the nanotubes of the second current collector. The separator being configured to transport protons from the carbon nanotubes of the first current collector to the carbon nanotubes of the second current collector.

In another aspect, a method of making an energy storage system is provided. The method includes applying a plurality of carbon nanotubes to a surface of a first current collector, applying a plurality of carbon nanotubes to a surface of a second current collector, and coating the carbon nanotubes of at least one of the first current collector and the second current collector with a polydisulfide. The method also includes positioning an ionically conductive separator between the carbon nanotubes applied to the first current collector and the nanotubes applied to the second current collector to form the energy storage system having a sandwich configuration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a redox polymer energy storage system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of the redox polymer energy storage system.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a super-capacitor of a first configuration.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a super-capacitor of a second configuration.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a super-capacitor of a third configuration.

FIG. 6 is a graph of cyclic voltammetry of the super-capacitors shown in FIGS. 3-5.

FIG. 7 is a graph of chronocoulometry of the super-capacitors shown in FIGS. 3-5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A redox polymer energy storage system and method of making the energy storage system is described in detail below. The energy storage system uses electro-active redox polymers for energy storage, for example, in one embodiment, polydisulfides that are coated and/or otherwise applied to carbon nanotube (CNT) structures. In another embodiment, a disulfide monomer is applied to the CNT structures and may be electro-polymerized to form a polydisulfide. The resulting CNT-polydisulfide structure serves as a redox electrode for the energy storage system. The polymerization reaction of the disulfide monomer is reversible and permits the energy storage system to withstand multiple charge and discharge cycles. The energy storage system includes two current collectors with a first electrode formed from carbon nanotubes, a second electrode of carbon nanotubes, and a transport separator, positioned between the two current collectors. The transport separator is positioned between the first and second electrodes to insulate the electrodes from electrical contact. The energy storage system is a solid state device that does not utilize liquids and thus is not susceptible to leaking and is stable at high G-forces and temperature extremes. In addition, the energy storage device mechanism makes and breaks disulfide bonds, and thus only protons transport during the charge and discharge cycles. Because the transport separator only needs to facilitate proton transport, the transport separator facilitates high power density in the energy storage system.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration, in an exemplary embodiment, of a redox polymer energy storage system 10. Energy storage system 10 has a sandwich configuration of a plurality of layers. The layers include a first current collector 12 and a second current collector 14. A first electrode 16 formed from carbon nanotubes 18 (CNT) applied to an inner surface 20 of first current collector 12, and a second electrode 22 formed from carbon nanotubes 18 applied to an inner surface 23 of second current collector 14. An ionically conductive separator 24 is positioned between first electrode 16 and second electrode 22.

Carbon nanotubes 18 have an inherently large surface area and thus a large capacitance (C) because C is proportional to the surface area A of carbon nanotubes 18. (C=∈∈° A/d where ∈ is the dielectric permittivity of the electrolyte double layer, ∈° the dielectric permittivity of free space and d is the double layer thickness). To enhance the energy storage capability of carbon nanotube electrodes 16 and 22, a polydisulfide is deposited onto the surface of the carbon nanotubes. The polydisulfide enhances the energy storage capability of the electrode by adding a redox capacitance to the existing carbon nanotube capacitance. The magnitude of the redox capacitance is proportional to the molecular density of the disulfide molecule on the carbon nanotube surface.

An electroactive redox polymer, for example, polydisulfide, is applied to carbon nanotubes 18. In another embodiment, a disulfide monomer is applied to carbon nanotubes 18, and the disulfide monomer is electro-polymerized to form a polydisulfide on carbon nanotubes 18. In the exemplary embodiment, the polydisulfide may be a poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (polyDMcT). Other suitable disulfide polymers may include, but not limited to, bis-2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadizole, poly(Zn-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Cu-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(AI-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Fe-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), and the like.

Ionically conductive separator 24 transports protons between first electrode 16 and second electrode 22 as storage system is charged and discharged. Separator 24 includes an acid polymer gel coated on the surfaces of separator 24. The acid polymer gel may be formed from a silicontungstic acid (SiWA). In another embodiment, the SiWA is dispersed in polyDMcT, and applied to first and second nanotube electrodes 16 and 22. Because only protons are transported through separator 24, high rates of transport are facilitated and provide for low equivalent series resistance (ESR) high power density devices. The energy of storage system 10 may be calculated from the equation C=1/2 (Cdl+Credox)V², thus the energy is based on the surface area of the CNT and the molecular density of the DMcT. Power density is proportional to V²/4ESR thus as ESR decreases, power density increases.

The disulfide, for example, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT), may be electropolymerized to polyDMcT. The DMcT polymerization reaction is reversible as shown below.

The DMcT is polymerized to polyDMcT during a charging cycle and reverts back to DMcT during a discharge cycle of storage system 10. For example, at the anode electrode DMcT polyDMcT, and at the cathode electrode, polyDMcT→DMcT.

First current collector 12 and a second current collector 14 may be formed from any conductive material. Suitable conductive materials may include, but are not limited to, metals, carbon, graphite, and composite materials, for example, polymers containing carbon fibers or particles, graphite, and metal fibers or particles.

In another embodiment, as best shown in FIG. 2, a redox polymer energy storage system 40 has a sandwich configuration of a plurality of layers as similar to energy storage system 10 described above. The layers include a first current collector 42 and a second current collector 44. A first electrode 46 formed from carbon nanotubes 48 (CNT) applied to an inner surface 50 of first current collector 42, and a second electrode 52 formed from carbon nanotubes 48 applied to an inner surface 51 of second current collector 44. An ionically conductive separator 54 is positioned between first electrode 46 and second electrode 52. First electrode 46 includes a polydisulfide deposited onto the surface of the carbon nanotubes 48. Second electrode 52 does not include a polydisulfide nor a disulfide. Separator 54 includes an acid polymer gel coated on the surfaces of separator 54. The acid polymer gel may be formed from a silicontungstic acid (SiWA).

The DMcT is polymerized to polyDMcT during a charging cycle and reverts back to DMcT during a discharge cycle of storage system 40. For example, at the anode electrode DMcT→polyDMcT, and at the cathode electrode, H⁺→H⁺ CNT⁻.

Sample tests were performed to show the ability of super-capacitors to store energy. Three different super-capacitor configurations were tested. Type 1 configuration 60, shown in FIG. 3, included two carbon composite electrodes 62 and 64 having a coating 66 of a blend of polyDMcT and SiWA applied to inner surfaces 68 and 70 of electrodes 62 and 64 respectively. An ionically conductive separator 72 was positioned between electrodes 62 and 64. Separator 72 was a piece of Whatman 1 qualitative filter paper soaked in SiWA and air dried for about 20 minutes. The Type 1 super-capacitor was assembled by stacking electrodes 62 and 64 as shown in FIG. 3 with separator 72 between the electrodes.

Type 2 configuration 80, shown in FIG. 4, included two carbon composite electrodes 82 and 84. A coating 86 of a blend of polyDMcT and SiWA was applied to an inner surface 88 of electrode 82. A coating 90 of SiWA was applied to an inner surface 92 of electrode 84. An ionically conductive separator 94 was positioned between electrodes 82 and 44. Separator 94 was a piece of Whatman 1 qualitative filter paper soaked in SiWA and air dried for about 20 minutes. The Type 2 super-capacitor was assembled by stacking electrodes 82 and 84 as shown in FIG. 4 with separator 94 between the electrodes.

Type 3 configuration 100, shown in FIG. 5, included two carbon composite electrodes 102 and 104 having a coating 106 of SiWA applied to inner surfaces 108 and 110 of electrodes 102 and 104 respectively. An ionically conductive separator 112 was positioned between electrodes 102 and 104. Separator 112 was a piece of Whatman 1 qualitative filter paper soaked in SiWA and air dried for about 20 minutes. The Type 3 super-capacitor was assembled by stacking electrodes 102 and 104 as shown in FIG. 5 with separator 112 between the electrodes.

Cyclic voltammetry was measured for Types 1-3. A graph shows the cyclic voltammetry in FIG. 6. The graph is an X-Y graph of potential (volts) versus current (amps). Chronocoulometry at a charge of 0 to 1.0 volt for 300 seconds was also measured for Types 1-3. A graph shows the Chronocoulometry in FIG. 7. The graph is an X-Y graph of charge (coulombs) versus time (seconds). As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, configuration Types 1 and 2 showed to be superior to configuration Type 3.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An energy storage system comprising: a first current collector having a first surface and a second surface; a first electrode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes on said second surface of said first current collector, said plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising a polydisulfide applied onto a surface of said plurality of nanotubes; an ionically conductive separator having a first surface and a second surface, said first surface of said ionically conductive separator positioned on said first electrode; a second current collector having a first surface and a second surface; and a second electrode comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes between said first surface of said second current collector and said second surface of said ionically conductive separator.
 2. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said plurality of carbon nanotubes of said second electrode comprising a polydisulfide applied onto a surface of said plurality of nanotubes.
 3. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said polydisulfide comprises at least one of poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), bis-2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadizole, poly(Zn-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Cu-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Al-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), and poly(Fe-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole).
 4. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said polydisulfide is electropolymerized from a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole monomer.
 5. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said ionically conductive separator comprising an acid polymer gel comprising a silicotungstic acid.
 6. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said plurality of carbon nanotubes comprise a combination of a polydisulfide and a silicotungstic acid applied onto a surface of said plurality of nanotubes.
 7. An energy storage system comprising: a first current collector and a second current collector having a plurality of carbon nanotubes bonded to a surface of said first current collector and said second current collector; a polydisulfide deposited onto said carbon nanotubes of at least one current collector; and an ionically conductive separator sandwiched between said carbon nanotubes of said first current collector and said nanotubes of said second current collector, said separator being configured to transport protons from said carbon nanotubes of said first current collector to said carbon nanotubes of said second current collector.
 8. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said plurality of carbon nanotubes of said first and second current collectors comprising said polydisulfide applied onto a surface of said plurality of nanotubes.
 9. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said polydisulfide comprises at least one of poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), bis-2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadizole, poly(Zn-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Cu-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Al-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), and poly(Fe-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole).
 10. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said polydisulfide is electropolymerized from a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole monomer.
 11. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said ionically conductive separator comprising an acid polymer gel comprising a silicotungstic acid.
 12. The energy storage system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said polydisulfide comprises a combination of a polydisulfide and a silicotungstic acid applied to said nanotubes.
 13. A method of making an energy storage system, said method comprising: applying a plurality of carbon nanotubes to a surface of a first current collector; applying a plurality of carbon nanotubes to a surface of a second current collector; coating the carbon nanotubes of at least one of the first current collector and the second current collector with a polydisulfide; and positioning an ionically conductive separator between the carbon nanotubes applied to the first current collector and the nanotubes applied to the second current collector to form the energy storage system having a sandwich configuration.
 14. The method in accordance with claim 13 further comprising applying an acid polymer gel to the ionically conductive separator.
 15. The method in accordance with claim 14 wherein the acid polymer gel comprises a silicotungstic acid.
 16. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein coating the carbon nanotubes comprises coating the carbon nanotubes of the first current collector and the second current collector with a polydisulfide.
 17. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein the polydisulfide comprises at least one of poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), bis-2,5-dithio-1,3,4-thiadizole, poly(Zn-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Cu-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), poly(Al-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole), and poly(Fe-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole).
 18. The method in accordance with claim 13 further comprising electropolymerizing a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole monomer to form the polydisulfide. 